| SUPPLEMENT TO THE 
| AMERICAN JOURNAL 
__ OF ARCHAEOLOGY 


oN PRELIMINARY REPORT 
ON THE 
EXCAVATIONS AT CARTHAGE | 


1025 


ON ote 


"Tue courtesy of the author and the publishers ae - 


it possible for the President of the Archaeological Lae 


_ Institute of America to place in the hands of the readers. 
Ok the Journal of Archaeology this Supplement, con- 


taining a timely. and - “important report by a former 


President of the Institute. The. ‘report is an expansion - 


ae: a paper read at ‘the: “meeting of the Archaeological 





i ATnstitute at Cornell ‘University’ in, “December, 192 Le 





EXCAVATIONS AT CARTHAGE 


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EXCAVATION S AT CARTHAGE 






RY OF PRINRRSY 
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1925 





A PRELIMINARY REPORT 


Byon 
v 


FRANCIS W. KELSEY 


Correspondant de I’Institut de France 
Mitglied des Deutschen Archaologischen Institutes 


Netw ork 
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 


LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., Lp, 





1926 


All rights reserved 





PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 


COPYRIGHT, 1926, 
BY FRANCIS W. KELSEY 


Norwood jress 
J. 8. Cushing Co. — Berwick & Smith Co. 
Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. 


TO 
Mk. AND MRS. HORACE H. RACKHAM 


WITH 
SINCERE APPRECIATION 


i ee eS eS Pee 


bc 
a 


P 





PREFACE: 


To Byron Khun de Prorok belongs the credit of having 
inspired in a group of Americans an interest in the problem 
of excavating ancient Carthage. By lectures, conferences 
and publications he urged the importance of salvaging 
something of value from the ancient site before it is 
completely overspread with new buildings, and he sought 
assistance on the scientific as well as the pecuniary side in 
carrying on the work. 

In this brochure the more important results of the work of 
the Franco-American Staff at Carthage in 1925 are briefly 
set forth, in response to a demand for early information. 
The suggestions in regard to the proposal to undertake a 
comprehensive exploration of the site of Carthage were 
submitted to the Washington Archaeological Society in 
November, 1925, and were presented at the meeting of the 
Archaeological Institute of America in December. Since 
the finds of outstanding importance are from the Punic 
stratum, in the precinct of Tanit, the full authoritative 
publication of them will be made by a Semitic scholar, 
Abbé J.-B. Chabot. Meanwhile, in conformity with the 
design of a brief preliminary report, it has seemed best 
not to attempt any correlation of these finds with those 
previously made in other Punic areas in North Africa and 
Sardinia, or with those which Joseph I. S. Whitaker has 
published in his Motya: A Phoenician Colony in Sicily. 

The photographs for the illustrations were furnished by 
George R. Swain, photographer to the Near East Research 
of the University of Michigan. The plan of the excavation 


vil 


Vili PREFACE 


in the precinct of Tanit was drawn by George F. French; 
it is based upon the survey made by him. The maps 
were drafted by W. E. Renner. Thanks are due also to 
Arthur Stanley Riggs, editor of Art and Archaeology, for 
permission to use part of the text and several illustrations 
of an article published in the February number of that 


magazine. 
FRANCIS W. KELSEY 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 
February 15, 1926. 


Le 


ig ae: 


TV 


VI. 


CON TEN ES 


PAGE 


HISTORICAL BACKGROUND : : ; : ‘ I 
ORGANIZATION AND STAFF : ; ; : : 9 
THE EXCAVATION OF CARTHAGE . ; ; : tae Ber 
THE EXCAVATION ON THE HILL OF JUNO . : hy wag 
THE EXCAVATION IN THE PRECINCT OF TANIT . we iat 


EE ASb ES 


CARTHAGE: VIEW SOUTHEASTWARD FROM THE Byrsa, 
OVER THE HARBORS AND THE INNER PART OF THE 
GULF OF TUNIS, WITH Bou-KourNiNE, ‘“‘ TWO-HORNED”’ 
MOUNTAIN, IN THE DISTANCE . frontispiece 


FACING 
PAGE 


Utica: VIEW OVER A PART OF THE SITE AND THE 
Mars FILLING THE ANCIENT HARBORS . ; 2 
CARTHAGE: VIEW OVER THE SITE TOWARD THE SOUTH- 
WEST, WITH THE ByRSA AT THE RIGHT AND THE 
CATHEDRAL OF ST. LOUIS ON THE SKY-LINE. 8 
CARTHAGE: VIEW TOWARD THE NORTHWEST, ACROSS 
THE COMMERCIAL HARBOR TO THE BYRSA, WITH THE 
CATHEDRAL OF St. LouIs . : : : : te AL A 
CARTHAGE: AN EXCAVATION IN PROGRESS ON THE 
SO-CALLED HILL OF JUNO, 1925. , 7 ; e hy2G 
CARTHAGE: EXCAVATION IN PROGRESS IN THE PRE- 
CINCT OF TANIT, APRIL 2, 1925. ; : : ne 


ix 


LEEUSPRATIONS* IN THE TEaek 


FIGURE 


iby 
. Lowest of the Three Levels of the Punic Beatie 

. Cinerary Urn, from the Lowest Punic Level 

. Cinerary Urn, from the Intermediate Level of the Bare 


Map of the Region of Carthage . 


Stratum . 

Christian Lamp, of Terra Gots } 

A Glimpse of Ancient Carthage . 

Map: The Peninsula of Carthage 

Evidences of Burning, Precinct of Tanit 

View in the Precinct of Tanit 

Map: Development of the Site of Gerhags as a savarnan 
Residence Section 


. Realtor’s Subdivision of the Site of eaiece 
. Shrine-stone Found in the Precinct of Tanit 


Plan of the Excavation in the Precinct of Tanit . 
Dedicatory Stones in Place, under the Roman Vault . 


. Sections of the Roman Vault 

. Stele with Punic Inscription and Symbols of Tanit 

. Stele in the Form of a Square Pillar 

. Boulder Used as a Dedicatory Stone . 

. Shrine-shaped Dedicatory Stone 

. Shrine-stone with Symbols of Tanit 

. Cairn of Stones about a Cinerary Urn 

. Cinerary Urn as Found 

. Cinerary Urn, Intermediate Punic evel of the Precinct of 


Tanit 


. Stele with Symbols of Tanit 


PAGE 


EXCAVATIONS AT CARTHAGE 


I. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 


The archaeological stratification on the site of Carthage 
reflects four periods. Though in matters of this kind dates 
are inexact and only approximate, the four periods may be 
conveniently defined as the Punic, to 146 B.c.; the Roman, 
146 B.C. to 439 A.D.; the Vandal, 439 to 533 A.D., and the 
Byzantine, 533 to 698 A.D. It will perhaps make our dis- 
cussion of the problem of excavating at Carthage easier to 
follow if we briefly recall a few facts relating to the develop- 
ment of the city in the first two periods, and its destruction. 

“From a financial point of view,’ says the historian 
Mommsen, “Carthage held in every respect the first place 
among the states of antiquity. At the time of the Pelo- 
ponnesian war this Phoenician city was, according to the 
testimony of the first of Greek historians, financially supe- 
rior to all the Greek states, and its revenues were compared 
to those of the Great King,” the king of Persia. ‘‘ Polybius 
calls it the wealthiest city in the world.” 

The reasons for the rise of Carthage to wealth and power 
are not far to seek. While the city was probably founded 
in the latter part of the ninth century before Christ, the 
name in the Phoenician language means “ New-town.” 
Whether the ‘“Old-town” implied by such a characteriza- 
tion was the still older Phoenician colony Utica — only 
a few leagues away, near the mouth of the river Bagradas — 
or the parent-city Tyre, it does not concern us to know; 


I 


2 EXCAVATIONS AT CARTHAGE 

















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PROMUNTURIUM AEGIMURUS | 
Cm, { > ih —ALS APOLLINIS DAMOUR |SLANDS) 
BIZERTA wm S&S = @ 
YE PROMUNTURIUM MERCURI! 
SIS 


SINUS UTICENSIS (CAPE BON) 








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THUBURBO MAIUS o 






HADRUMETUM 
(SOUSSE) 





THAPSUS 
(RAS DIMAS) 






THUSDRUS 
(EL QJEM) 





Fic. 1.— Map oF THE REGION OF CARTHAGE. 


This map shows the location of Carthage in relation to the other Phoenician colonies of 
Utica and Hadrumetum. 


for from Tyre the colonists brought the tradition and prac- 
tice of acquiring gain by commerce. The words of the 
prophet Ezekiel addressed to Tyre as ‘the merchant of the 
peoples unto many isles” would later have been equally 


‘SI WPOUoU ‘eYdosies 9U0}s OMY WddsS OB YIM UT ‘WOTVRARIX Ue ST pUNOIZ9IOJ 94} UT 


“SdOdavy, INAIONY AHL ONITIA HSYVI, AHL GNV ALIS GAHL AO LAV V YAAO MATA :VOIIQ “TI ALVId 





Ary: ; 


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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 8 


applicable to Carthage, which by reason of certain advan- 
tages rapidly outstripped all the other Phoenician colonies 
about the Western Mediterranean, and even cast into the 
shade the prosperity of the older cities of the Syrian coast. 

These advantages were in part economic and in part politi- 
cal. From Cape Bon, the Roman Promontory of Mercury, 
the coast-line follows a southerly trend to the borders of 
Tripoli. But west of Cape Bon there is a deep southerly 
indentation, which is now called the Gulf of Tunis. In this 
angle of Africa there are mountains, marshes and some 
stretches of desert, yet there is much fertile soil; anda glance 
at the map (Fig. 1) is sufficient to indicate to the student of 
trade-routes the inevitableness of the development of a 
dominant center of trade in the region, serving not only 
the country round about but also more distant productive 
tracts and oases reached by caravan. 

Utica might have gained the ascendency had not the 
treacherous Bagradas, now the Medjerda, gradually silted 
up her harbors (Plate IT); today the site is chiefly grazing 
land — part of a great French estate prospering under scien- 
tific management — though remnants of ancient masonry 
here and there still project above the uneven contours of the 
ground. Hadrumetum, also a Phoenician colony and a rival 
of Carthage, was more fortunate than Utica in retaining its 
harbors; yet in other respects it was less favorably situated, 
and after a time became subject to Carthage. On this 
site there has always been a town, and to French building 
operations here we owe the discovery, in 1896, of the only 
authentic portrait of the poet Virgil.’ 

Primarily commercial, and not military, in purposes and 
institutions, Carthage was for several centuries politically 


1 The mosaic containing the portrait has been frequently reproduced, but is best 
published by P. Gauckler in the Monuments et Mémoires of the Académie des 
Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Fondation Piot, vol. IV (1897), pp. 233-244 and 
plate xx (in colors). 


4 EXCAVATIONS AT CARTHAGE 


fortunate. Her organization as a city-state was sufficiently 
stable to safeguard against the instability of crass tyrannies. 
The native populations of this part of Africa were incapable 


p82 





Fic. 2.—- LOWEST OF THE THREE LEVELS OF THE Punic STRATUM. 


Bed rock, of limestone, exposed by excavation in the precinct of Tanit. 

Here cinerary urns were deposited, resting on the rock and protected by small cairns of 
stones. One of these cairns is seen in a fissure of the rock near the lower edge of the 
illustration, at the left of the middle. 


The terrace at the right represents the stele surface (p. 34). 


In the middle ground are shrine-stones (p. 40), immured in the concrete wall of the 
Roman vault (p. 34). 


of developing coherent military resistance strong enough 
to force the Phoenician intruders, who withal were shrewd 
in dealing with less advanced races,' back upon the sea; and 


1 The shrewdness of the Carthaginians in their dealings with the’ natives may 
have given rise to the tale about the purchase of ground that could be covered bya 
bull’s hide, with the extension of the area by cutting the hide up into the thinnest’ 
possible strips, which were laid end to end to form a boundary. The story may, 
however, be merely an aetiological myth, suggested by the resemblance of the name 
for the citadel of Carthage to the Greek word for ‘“‘hide.”’ But whatever the truth 
may be regarding the origin of the story, it has traveled far. The same trick is said 
to have been played by American whites upon the Delaware Indians and by the 
Dutch upon the natives of Formosa, while the Chinese annals of the Ming period 
assert that the Spaniards availed themselves of the same ruse in bargaining with 


HISTORICAL BACKGROUND eS 


Carthage was far enough west to be unjeopardized by the 
aggressions of Egyptian or Assyrian or Persian kings. By 
virtue of colonization and trade she became the adminis- 
trative center of an 
empire, having under 
her control extensive 
possessions in Africa, 
Spain, Sardinia and 
Sicily; upon the West- 
ern Mediterranean 
she was supreme, 
and we are told that 
if trading ships of 
other peoples came 
within her maritime 
domain, their crews 
were promptly 
thrown overboard. 
The population of 
Carthage is said to 


have reached seven Fic. 3. — CINERARY URN, From Lowest Punic LEVEL. 


This was found on the bed rock shown in Figure 2. It 
hundred thousand, was protected by a cairn of small stones (p. 43). 





but how large an 

area is included in the estimate it is not now possible to know. 
The extension of the dominion of Carthage was first 

checked by contacts with the advancing outposts of Greek 

civilization in North Africa (from Cyrene westward), and in 

Sicily; and in that island came the contacts with the Ro- 

mans which led to the final agonizing struggle for supremacy 


the King of Luzon, thus obtaining possession of the ground on which Manila 
stands. 

The story is localized also in various parts of Asia, where the tricksters are in 
some cases said to be Russians, in others, representatives of different nations. 
The details and literature are given by B. Laufer, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collec- 
tions, vol. L (1908), pp. 258-259, 282-284. 


6 EXCAVATIONS AT CARTHAGE 


of the Mediterranean world. On the north side of the 
Mediterranean there was developing a Graeco-Roman cul- 
ture, wherein our Occidental civilization had its origin; on 
the south side a Semitic culture, unchangeably Oriental, 
had reached its period of bloom. The Punic wars started 
in 264 B.c.; not till 146 B.c. did they come to an end, in 
what has been generally considered the “complete destruc- 
tion” of Carthage. ‘‘The wars between Rome and Car- 
thage,” Professor Haight remarks, “are but one chapter 
in a larger struggle, the ever-recurring contest between the 
West and the East.”’ 

The inevitableness of city-founding left the site not long 
unoccupied. A new Carthage arose, which became a 
Roman provincial capital, and which in time became second 
only to Rome herself in wealth and influence. The size 
and prosperity of the new Carthage may be gauged by the 
fact that in the second century of our era an aqueduct was 
built which is said to have brought to the city more than 
seven million gallons of water per day. Carthage became 
a Christian city, with which were associated the names of 
eminent early churchmen, as Tertullian and Cyprian; and 
famous Councils of the Church were held there. It is of 
record that there were twenty-two Christian basilicas in the 
new Carthage, and its population was estimated at half a 
million. 

The decline of the later Carthage began with the arrival 
of Genseric, in 439 A.D.; he gave the city over to plunder, 
and made it a Vandal base. Nearly a hundred years after- 
ward, in 533 A.D., the successful Belisarius entered Carthage 
with an army, and under Byzantine rule the city again 
regained a measure of its former prosperity and power. 

In the latter part of the seventh century the Arab con- 
quests spread to the region of Carthage. In 608 a.p. the 
Arab conqueror decreed the “entire destruction” of the city, 


HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 7 


and we are told that his orders were ruthlessly carried out. 
Carthage all but disappears from historic records for half 
a millennium, to be mentioned again by reason of the landing 
and death of the French king, Louis IX, in 1270 A.p._ After- 
ward become Saint Louis, this Crusader is gloriously com- 
memorated in the imposing cathedral which now crowns the 
height of Byrsa (Plates III, IV). 





Fic. 4.— CINERARY URN FROM THE INTERMEDIATE LEVEL OF THE PUNIC STRATUM. 


It is of a buff color. The height is m. .213. 


In material remains the successive epochs of the history 
of Carthage are most fully represented by minor objects of 
terra cotta, often broken into sherds, and of metal. In 
the tombs and graves, vases and ornaments of many types 
are found; and in 1925 a noteworthy series of cinerary urns 
was taken from the precinct of Tanit (p. 43). These urns were 
all of the Punic period, ranging in date probably from the 


8 EXCAVATIONS AT CARTHAGE 


ninth to the second century B.c., and Punic lamps also were 
found; but in the upper strata of the same excavation lamps 





Fic. 5.— CHRISTIAN LAMP, OF TERRA COTTA. 


This lamp was found in the precinct of Tanit, near the 
surface. The nozzle, with the large hole for the wick, is 
slightly broken, as is also the handle at the opposite end. 
The monogram is made up of the first two letters of the 
Greek name for Christ. This is ornamented, and there is 
ornamentation on the border on either side. 


of later periods 
were unearthed, 
Roman, Christian 
(Fig. 5) and Van- 
dal. Bronze coins 
found in the earth 
at Carthage are 
generally badly 
corroded. 
Egyptian influ- 
ence is manifest 
in objects belong- 
ing to the earliest 
Punic period, such 
as scarabs and 
amulets; later 
there is abundant 
evidence of the 
importation of 
Greek wares, 
down to 146 B.C. 
Many handles of 
amphorae with 
Greek stamps at- 
test extensive im- 
portations from 
Rhodes; Punic 


graffiti fix the period as pre-Roman. The first surface find 
which I made at Carthage, when I studied the site in 1893, 
on the then open ground between the Byrsa and the sea, 
was a broken handle of an amphora with a Greek stamp. 


‘ISAMHINOS AHL GUVMOL ALIS FHL AFAO MAIA :AOVHIAVD ‘TIT ALVId 





Ware 


ingly 4 * 
Na i 
' 
“oe 
, , yun a 


ea 





II. ORGANIZATION AND STAFF 


The work of the Franco-American Staff in 1925 was 
carried on under the charter of the Washington Archaeo- 
logical Society, of which the Honorable Robert Lansing is 
president. 

The Washington Society has a Research Committee, of 
which the chairman is President John C. Merriam, of the 
Carnegie Institution. This Committee had taken the initia- 
tive in arranging for an important investigation in the prehis- 
toric field; and in January, 1924, the writer of this report 
was invited to meet with it in order to consider the problem 
of conducting excavations on the site of Carthage, in accord- 
ance with a proposal of Count Byron Khun de Prorok. 
Since the systematic excavation of Carthage would neces- 
sarily extend over a number of years and would involve the 
expenditure of large sums of money, Mr. Kelsey recommended 
that it should be undertaken only after a preliminary cam- 
paign should have revealed favorable working conditions and 
should have demonstrated that the site would yield a suff- 
cient contribution to knowledge to justify the investment. 
His view was accepted by the Committee, and later he was 
invited to assume the responsibility of conducting a prelimi- 
nary campaign along the line suggested. 

In arranging to defray the costs of the campaign the 
Washington Society received generous support from the 
Near East Research Fund of the University of Michigan, 
and from special contributions made by the University of 
Rochester and by Mr. William F. Kenny, of New York. 
Very fortunately it was possible to engage as engineer in 

9 


10 EXCAVATIONS AT CARTHAGE 


charge of the excavating Mr. Edward R. Stoever, a graduate 
of Princeton University, who had worked for five seasons 
with Professor Howard Crosby Butler in the excavations at 
Sardis. Through the good offices of Count de Prorok the 
attention of the foremost French scholars in the North- 
African field was directed to the undertaking, and four of 
them were invited to become members of the staff and 
accepted the invitation. In view of the magnitude and 
complexity of the problem, and the necessity of working in- 
tensively in the three months most favorable for excavation 
at Carthage — March, April and May — a larger force of 
trained men was required than is ordinarily needed for such 
an undertaking. The members of the Staff, as it was 
finally constituted, early in 1925, are as follows: 

The Rev. Pére A. Delattre, Honorary Chairman; Fran- 
cis W. Kelsey, General Director; Count Byron Khun de 
Prorok, Associate General Director; Edward R. Stoever, 
Engineer; the Abbé J.-B. Chabot (Editor of the Corpus 
Inscriptionum Semiticarum for the Académie des Inscriptions 
et Belles-Lettres,? now president of the Académie), Punic 
Antiquities; Professor Stéphane Gsell (of the Collége de 
France*), Historical Questions; Alfred Merlin (of the 
Louvre *), Greek and Roman Antiquities; Dr. Henry S. 
Washington (of the Carnegie Institution), Petrographer ; 


1 In forming the preliminary organization for this campaign the Secretary of the 
Washington Archaeological Society, Professor Mitchell Carroll, rendered invaluable 
assistance. His untimely death, in March, 1925, was a grievous loss not only to 
this but to many other cultural interests. 7 

2 The Abbé Chabot is also editor (with Messrs. I. Guidi, H. Hyvernat, and J. 
Forget as colleagues) of the Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium. 

3 The second edition of vol. [V of his monumental Histoire ancienne de l Afrique 
du Nord was published in 1924. 

4 Not least among M. Merlin’s contributions to North-African archaeology was 
the salvaging of works of art from the galley lying off Mahdia, on the coast of 
Tunisia, at a depth of 120 feet; cf. Comptes rendus de l’Acad. des Inscriptions et 
Belles-Lettres, 1908, pp. 245 ff., 386 ff., 532 ff. ; 1900, p. 650 ff. ; 1910, p. 585 ff.; 1911, 
pp. 206 ff., 556 ff.; Monuments et Mémoires, Fondation Piot, volumes XVII and 
XVIII (Bronzes). 


ORGANIZATION AND STAFF si 


Professor Enoch E. Peterson (of Luther College, Iowa; 
Research Fellow of the University of Michigan), Recorder of 
Finds ;* Frederick J. Woodbridge (a graduate of Columbia 
University in Architecture, Boyer Fellow of the University 





Fic. 6.—A GLimMese OF ANCIENT CARTHAGE. 


The appearance of this assemblage of Dedicatory Stones is much the same as it was 
near the end of the Middle Punic period, perhaps about 400 B.c., except that some stones 
now with rough surface were then covered with white stucco, and probably bore inscrip- — 
tions and symbols painted on the stucco. 


of Michigan), Architect, with two assistants, Ralph M. Cal- 
der (Booth Fellow of the University of Michigan in Ar- 
chitecture) and William Douglas (Fellow of the American 
Academy in Rome); George R. Swain (of the University 
of Michigan), Photographer,” with an assistant, Robert R. 


1 The journal of the excavations prepared by Mr. Peterson makes a type-written 
volume of 450 pages. The inventory of the finds recorded by him with descrip- 
tions and measurements contains two thousand entries. 

2 The negatives made by Mr. Swain in North Africa March 11—May 14, 1925, 
number 818, classified as follows: Panoramic Views (size, approximately 10 X 35 
inches), 32; Detail Views (size, 7 X 11 in.), 290; Small Views (size, 5 X 7 in.), 246; 
Objects and Details (size, 3.25 X 4.25 in.), 250. 


2 EXCAVATIONS AT CARTHAGE 


Swain, who served also as expert in the repair of the motor 
vehicles; and Donald B. Harden (Instructor in Aberdeen 
University, absent on leave by courtesy of Professor Souter), 
Ceramics. 

The Rev. Pére Delattre resides at Carthage, and from 
the time when the other members of the Staff began to 
reach the site, at the end of February, 1925, he did every- 
thing in his power to facilitate their work.’ The Abbé 
Chabot arrived from Paris on March 6, and spent all work- 
ing days in the excavations till the close of the season. 
Professor Gsell and Mr. Merlin were detained in Paris, but 
offered to come to Carthage in case their services should be 
urgently needed. 

In addition to the members of the regular Staff there 
- were volunteers who at different times took an active part 
in the work, rendering service as inspectors in charge of 
the Arab workmen and in other ways as the need might 
arise. Among them were Dr. Orma F. Butler and Miss 
Nita L. Butler, Research Fellows of the University of Mich- 
igan; George F. French, a graduate of the Massachusetts 
Institute of Technology, who rendered a noteworthy service 
near the end of the season by completing the work of sur- 
veying after Mr. Stoever was obliged to return to Paris; 
William E. Hayes, a graduate of Princeton University, 
Horton O’Neil of New York, Gerard Rey de Villette of 
Paris and Columbus C. Wells of Chattanooga, Tennessee. 
To these as well as the others whose cordial codperation 
contributed to the success of the campaign the thanks of 
all interested in the problem of Carthage are due. Count de 
Prorok placed at the service of the Staff as headquarters 
the attractive Villa d’Amilcar at Sidi-Bou-Said, and the 
University of Michigan contributed the use of the Dodge 


1 In 1925 the list of Pére Delattre’s publications relating to the archaeology and 
history of Carthage numbered 220 titles. 


ORGANIZATION AND STAFF 13 


Sedan car and Graham Brothers truck which had been 
presented to the University for service in the Near East.! 
The work closed on May 14. 

In a brief preliminary report it is difficult even to sum- 
marize the results of this intensive campaign, which lasted 
only two and a half months but touched large issues and 
raised weighty questions: I shall limit myself to three 
topics : the advisability of undertaking a systematic unearth- 
ing of Carthage, the excavation on the so-called hill of Juno, 
and the finds in the area consecrated to the goddess Tanit. 


1 The car and truck were used not only at Carthage but also for transporting 
photographic equipment and supplies on an archaeological reconnaissance in 
Tunisia and Algeria, April 7-29. 

In this period they were driven without delay or accident 1975 miles. The 
sites and places visited were: Sousse, El Djem, Sfax, Gabés, Medenine, the island 
of Djerba (reached by an improvised ferry); return to Gabés, and excursion into 
the Matmata region; then via Kebili to Tozeur. 

From Tozeur the route to Sbeitla was followed by way of Metlaoui, Gafsa, 
Feriana, and Kasserine; back to Feriana, over the divide to Tébessa, with a side- 
trip to Haidra; then by way of Ain Beida, Khenchela and Batna to Biskra, with an 
excursion to Timgad; return to Ain Beida; thence by Sedrata, Khamissa, Souk 
Ahras, Souk El Arba, Medjez El Bab and Tunis to Carthage. 


Ill. THE EXCAVATION OF CARTHAGE 





It is not necessary here to refer to the previous excava- 
tions on the site of Carthage. Those prior to 1900 are 
summarized and evaluated by Auguste Audollent,! and those 
conducted since that date are recorded in publications that 
are easily accessible. It will suffice to say that thus far 
the excavations have followed no comprehensive plan, and 
that from a scientific point of view they have been far from 
adequate. While excavation and accidental discovery have 
brought to light thousands of objects of interest reflecting 
the cultures of the Punic, the Roman and the later periods, 
there are still great gaps in our knowledge; in particular, 
there is a singular lack of decisive evidence regarding the 
topography of the city in the different epochs, the stages of 
its development and the relations of its harbors to the sea. 
Is there a reasonable prospect that these gaps will be in part 
at least bridged by a thorough exploration of the site? 

In the Roman and Byzantine periods, at any rate, Car- 
thage was seemingly not large when measured by the scale 
of modern cities (Fig. 7). In the latest guidebook ? there 
are listed more than fifty monuments which it is considered 
worth while for the visitor to see; and these are located in a 
circumscribed area, which extends from the village of Le 
Kram, on the seashore, north to Bir Ftouha, a distance 
not more than 3000 meters (about two miles), while the 
area at no point reaches back more than 2000 meters from 


Carthage Romaine, 146 avant Jésus-Christ-608 apres Jésus-Christ (Paris, 1901), 
pp. 3-26. 

* How to See Carthage. By J. and L. E. Douglas. Translated from Pour visiter 
Carthage, by Docteur L. Carton. Tunis, 1925. 


14 


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». “phe "> : <r 
hee _— €,5 tay a5 P iy 
a ; 


we 


8” lp 





THE EXCAVATION OF CARTHAGE 15 


the irregular shoreline. In the list of monuments are a few 
of Punic origin; how far either the Punic or the later city 
spread beyond this area has not yet been accurately deter- 









SCALE 
KILOMETERS 
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Fic. 7.— THE PENINSULA OF CARTHAGE. 


The map illustrates the limitations of the site of Carthage. The point of the peninsula 
on the northwest extending into the Bay of Utica is not shown, nor the southernmost 
point reaching to La Goulette. 

The broken line shows the course of the old railroad, which ran from Tunis to La Marsa 
and from La Marsa west of the Byrsa to La Goulette. . 


16 EXCAVATIONS AT CARTHAGE 


mined. Nevertheless two points are clear. The height of 
Gamart, on the north, was given over to cemeteries; and 
the extension of the city on the south and west was limited 
by the low ground and bodies of water on either side of the 
neck of land which afforded communication with the region 
of Tunis and the interior (Plate III). Very few of the monu- 
ments, except tombs, have been completely cleared and 
studied. 

The opinion has largely prevailed that the destruction | 
of Punic Carthage by the Romans in 146 B.C. was complete. 
We are told that the city was plundered, and that it burned 
for seventeen days.! Says Mommsen :’” 

“The senate ordered the general to level the city of Car- 
thage and the suburb of Magalia with the ground, and to 
do the same with all the townships which had held by Car- 
thage to the last; and thereafter to pass the plough over 
the site of Carthage so as to put an end in legal form to the 
existence of the city, and to curse the soil and site for ever, 
that neither house nor cornfield might ever reappear on the 
spot. The command was punctually obeyed.” 

Other modern writers are equally explicit. 

It is not unlikely that in antiquity forests on the moun- 
tains nearest to Carthage furnished an abundant supply of 
timber for construction; also, that in the poorer quarters 
of the city the use of friable sun-dried brick for walls was 
general. Yet an inspection of the Punic tombs on the Byrsa, 
or in the new excavations at Utica, or a glance at the stelae 
and other stone monuments unearthed in the precinct of 
Tanit, will suggest the conclusion that the Carthaginians, 
like the Phoenicians, were expert in the use of tools and 


. . | 
mechanical appliances; they were skilful both as workers in’ 


1 The ancient sources are cited and dealt with by S. Gsell, Histoire ancienne d 
V Afrique du Nord, vol. II1?, p. 336 ff. 


; 
* History of Rome (new edition of the translation, 1895), vol. ITI, p. 257. 


THE EXCAVATION OF CARTHAGE 17 


metal, as potters and as masons. It is consistent with our 
knowledge of Carthage from literary sources to suppose that 
stone had an important place in the more permanent build- 
ings of the city; and different qualities of stone, some of 
them coarse-grained and easily worked, were found not far 
away. 

My view of the completeness of the destruction of Car- 
thage, once based wholly on literary evidence, has in recent 
years undergone modification. In rg19, a few months after 
the close of the Great War, under military guidance with 
Mr. Swain the photographer I visited the ruins of a number 
of towns in the zone of destruction, from Louvain in Bel- 
gium almost to the frontier of Switzerland; and since then 
an opportunity has been presented to study the archaeo- 
logical stratification of various ancient sites where several 
towns in succession were built one above the ruins of the 
other. The subject is too large to be discussed here; yet 
in the light of the facts we are warranted in believing that, 
lacking all explosives, neither the soldiers of the victorious 
Scipio nor the Arab hordes could have accomplished such 
destruction as was caused in the Great War by bombs and 
shell-fire. 

There was, of course, devastation by burning, as the 
literary sources indicate. A grim reminder of the Roman 
destruction in 146 B.c., probably, is the layer of charcoal 
and other material showing the effects of fire, in our illus- 
tration (Fig. 8); this layer in places is twenty centimeters 
thick. But a post-war study of the effects of fire and of 
shell- fire on masonry, not only in Reims but in smaller cities 
in the zone of more complete destruction in France and 
Belgium, aroused in my mind scepticism in regard to the 
completeness of the destruction of the more permanent 
buildings of both the earlier Punic and the later Roman 
ee rthage 


q 
| 


18 


EXCAVATIONS AT CARTHAGE 


When the Roman colonists came to the site of the Punic 
city, twenty-four years or more after the first destruction 
of ae they Pee ee found great stretches of jumbled 





Fic. 8.— EvmENCES OF BURNING, PRECINCT OF TANIT. 


Part of a narrow vertical section of earth on the northeast 
side of the Stele Area, near the Roman vault. The layer of 
charcoal and other burnt material is easily distinguished. It 
is just above the third, or upper, level of the Punic stratum. 

Above is the end of a grave, apparently of the Vandal 
period, about a meter and a half below the surface of the 
ground. In this bones were found. The sides of the grave 
were made of flat stones, and the projecting end of the stone 
cover is seen. 





masonry, from 
three to ten or 
fifteen feet deep, 
with flame- 
scarred walls here 
and there project- 


ing upwards. The 


familiar tales 
about Marius in 
exile may be in 
part apocryphal ; 
but even so it is 
difficult to under- 
stand how the 
story about 
Marius “sitting 
among the ruins 
of Carthage”? 
could have origi- 
natedif there were 
no ruins there. 
Furthermore, it 1s. 
probable that the 
builders of the. 
later city, when- 


ever their building operations extended over the area of the 
ruins, took no pains to clear the earlier streets but laid out 
their street system above the debris to suit their own con- 


venience and ideas. 


It would have been equally a waste 


of labor to clear out cellars or depressions filled with debris 


1 


év Trois Kapxndovos épermious kabefouevoy are the words of Plutarch, Marius xl. 


THE EXCAVATION OF CARTHAGE 19 


unless there was reason to suspect the presence of objects 
of value. 

For the later city, this scepticism in regard to complete- 
ness of destruction is justified by the known monuments, 
some of which, as the ruins of certain public baths, must 
always have been visible, while others, as the remains of 
the theater and the great basilicas, were covered for cen- 
turies by accumulations of debris and earth and have been 
disclosed by excavation. We may once for all assert that 
the principal agent in the destruction of later Carthage has 
been the seeker of building-stones. His work still continues, 
though now he must excavate by digging pits; but for cen- 
turies Carthage was an open quarry, from which materials 
of construction were extracted not only for the building of 
Tunis — the commercial and political successor of Carthage 
—but for other cities; it was a seemingly inexhaustible 
store of rare and precious marbles and porphyries and 
granites as well as of commoner stones. 

Today in a brief walk along the shore one may pick from 
the sand wave-rounded pebbles not merely of giallo antico 
(the ancient marmor Numidicum) from the quarries near 
the Bagradas, but of Greek marbles as well, and other varie- 
ties of stone from remote regions. The shape of these 
pebbles shows that in most cases they are remnants of thin 
slabs which were used for the veneering of walls in the Roman 
period. In one spot in the precinct of Tanit the ground at 
a certain depth was found to be full of small fragments of a 
Roman mosaic pavement, which had been completely de- 
stroyed, probably in digging out stones for building. Peb- 
bleized bits of marble are, to be sure, found elsewhere, as 
along the shore at Porto d’ Anzio (ancient Antium), where 
fragments of veneering and pavements have dropped down 
as the sea has undercut the supporting masonry of the 
great villa there; but outside of Rome itself I know of no 


20 EXCAVATIONS AT CARTHAGE 


site where surface finds yield so great an abundance of small 
pieces of marble as that of Carthage. And these fragments 
generally show no traces of heat, which easily calcines 
most kinds of marble, so that they could not have been 
affected by a general conflagration. 

To what extent it is still possible to obtain a knowledge 
of either Punic or later Carthage by digging, can only be 
ascertained through an extended and skilfully conducted 
series of trial excavations, to supplement the meager data 
now available (Fig. 9). But in any case, though the recov- 
ery of works of art of a high order cannot be safely antici- 
pated, such excavations are necessary if the world is not 
soon to lose all opportunity to recover what may yet be 
recovered of the data requisite to complete that important 
chapter of cultural history. 

When the French established an orderly government in 
Tunisia, and in accordance with the French scientific tra- 
dition began to take account of such ruins as seemed to 
possess artistic or historical interest, the site of Carthage, 
with the land along the shore immediately north and south, 
was for the most part open country, with two or three Arab 
villages, which in part utilized the great ancient cisterns, or 
reservoirs, as habitations; only a few ruins obstructed the 
view as one looked in all directions from the height of Byrsa. 
As usually happens in the case of deserted or ruined cities, 
a thick layer of soil had accumulated above the debris 
caused by the crumbling of masonry, but loose stones and 
projecting walls had been the prey of builders. 

Such, in general, was the aspect of the site as late as 18093, 
when I first made a study of it. The Cathedral and some 
other modern buildings were already conspicuous upon the 
Byrsa, but there were not even fences to prevent the pedes- 
trian from walking over most of the site, and no objection 
was raised if he followed the paths among the growing crops 


THE EXCAVATION OF CARTHAGE 21 


where the land was under tillage. At that time a short 
railroad ran from Tunis to La Marsa, north of Carthage, 
where the Bey has a palace; and a branch line passed west 





ee a eee ‘ 
| : ieee ! 


Fic. 9. — VIEW IN THE PRECINCT OF TANIT, 


In the foreground is the stele surface (p. 34), with dedicatory stones left standing just 
as they were found. Beyond is the small area where the dedicatory stones were removed 
and the excavation was carried down to bed rock (Fig. 2). The stones thus removed are 
shown at the left, against the ancient wall at the rear (p. 34). 

At the right is the northwest end of the Roman vault (p. 34). 
of the Byrsa to the port of La Goulette, on the south; there 
was no direct connection between Tunis and the part of 
the site which lies along the sea (Fig. 7). It would then 
have been no difficult matter to conduct trial excavations, 


if funds had been provided and the requisite permits could 


22 EXCAVATIONS AT CARTHAGE 


have been secured; and Pére Delattre was already obtaining 
noteworthy results in his work on the height of Byrsa. 

At the present time such exploration involves difficulties 
that are far more serious than those ordinarily presented 
by sites not actually covered by modern cities, as are the 
sites of ancient Rome, Athens and Constantinople. For 
in recent decades Tunis has more than doubled its popula- 
tion and has so increased in riches that its European ele- 
ment craves the luxury of suburban residence. In summer 
the heat of Tunis, which is low and close to bodies of shailow 
water, becomes oppressive, while on the site of Carthage, 
ten miles away, fresh breezes blow in from the sea. In 
point of location and climate the site of Carthage is the most 
attractive spot in the entire region available for suburban 
residence, and the real-estate men have seized the oppor- 


tunity. The most desirable part of the site has been made © 


accessible by an electric railway which starts at Tunis and 
runs between the shore and the height of Byrsa; there are 
comfortable three-car trains twice or three times an hour 


in the daytime, and at the station of Carthage, which is at © 


the foot of the Byrsa, as well as at other stations, once or 
twice a week in the season a placard advertises a theater 
train, “Train du Théatre,”’ for the late evening (Fig. 10). 

The trains make the distance of ten miles between Tunis 
and the station of Carthage in about thirty minutes. 

The most important part of the site has been divided 
into small lots (Fig. 11), of which a large number are already 
built on, and land is firmly held at prices ranging from 
the equivalent of forty cents to a dollar or more a square 
meter. The site of Carthage, once placed under a curse 
by its destroyers, is having a real-estate boom like that of 
an American or West-Canadian town. Nevertheless there 
is good prospect that the high values will continue to hold, 
at least for the immediate future. Most of the houses are 


THE EXCAVATION OF CARTHAGE 





_ $$$ e 
oer BOW SAID zi 


i] \ NY YW) 
paw? 


WN 


Vy an 
\/ TAS 





Wen 
The 


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kw 








& ORE S 
Sra < 
8 


METERS 











Fic. 10. — DEVELOPMENT OF THE SITE OF CARTHAGE AS A SUBURBAN RESIDENCE 
SECTION. 


The map shows the route of the electric railway in relation to the shore, the Military 
nd Commercial Harbors so-called, the precinct of Tanit, and the Byrsa. The stations, 
designated by number, are: 1, Le Kram; 2, Salammbo; 3, Douar-Chott; 4, Dermech; 
, Carthage; 6, Sainte-Monique; 7, Amilcar; 8, Sidi-Bou-Said. 

A large-scale map would be required to show the new streets, the groups of new 
buildings, and the location of the ancient remains. 


‘ rey a ie 
My NVAUK TINS Ai\t AN ay 
MA) \\{\}\ WMO 
wa 











23 


24 EXCAVATIONS AT CARTHAGE 


small and of one story; and since it is not necessary to 


lay deep foundations as a protection against the effects” 
of freezing, the excavations for buildings ordinarily do not 
go down to the Roman level, much less the Punic, which | 


Ss 


Chemin brojeté oe “oo : 
239| 242 | 243 J 2947 | 248| 251 | 252] 255| 256] 259 
4a9S~-| soo"| soo” x50" | S00") soot | Soo%| s00")| Soo~} S00" 
240| 241] 244 45 250| 253] 254| 257] 258 
495°| Soom | goon S00™| S00™| $00") so0"| Soom 
de 


Chemin 8”°0.c 


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Fic. 11.— REALTOR’S SUBDIVISION OF THE SITE OF CARTHAGE. 


This is a very important part of the site of Carthage, northeast of the Byrsa, near the 
Roman Theater. The real-estate holders have made a number of such maps. 


lies at a varying depth of two to four meters; hence they 
contribute very little to our knowledge of the ancient city. 
Even the location of the Roman Forum has not yet been 


determined. 
But further detail is needless. Notwithstanding the 


THE EXCAVATION OF CARTHAGE 25 


destruction of ancient masonry projecting above the sur- 
face, we may assume that the foundations of important 
buildings of later Carthage, 
and much else of interest, lie 
hidden in the accumulated 
earth. Of the Punic period 
important tombs, excavated 
chiefly by Pére Delattre, 
have yielded amazing finds, 
which are fruitful for the 
reconstruction of certain 
aspects of Carthaginian cul- 
ture; these are made ac- 
cessible for study in the 
well-arranged Museum of 
St. Louis. That much else 
of a different sort survives 
from the Punic past is im- 
plied by the finds in the 
precinct of Tanit (Fig. 12). 
_ The suggestions which 
present themselves after a 
study of the conditions may 
be succinctly formulated 
under five heads: 

First. Before building 














| ; P FIG. 12. SHRINE-STONE FOUND IN THE 
operations are carried fur- Precinct or Tanrr. 

ther the site should be Through a deep portal we see the symbols 
| : ; of Tanit: above, a crescent and a disk; be- 
systematically explored by low, a triangle with a bar across the apex, and 


; * a circle or disk resting on the bar. 
means of systematic trial 


excavations, supplemented by the complete unearthing of 
monuments or areas of sufficient promise. This task should 
be accomplished as a contribution to our knowledge of the 
ancient cultures that flourished there. 





20 EXCAVATIONS AT CARTHAGE 


Second. In view of the extent of the site, and the high 
prices demanded for land, whether built on or without 
buildings, such exploratory excavation by a scientific organ- 
ization operating with its own means, or with funds furnished 
by private contributions, is almost out of the question ; the 
initial cost is practically prohibitive. : 

Third. The excavation and preservation of Carthage aq 
quire that the whole site should be brought under control. 
by building restrictions prohibiting the erection of new 
buildings within certain limits, and by the gradual purchase 
or expropriation of land. The site should then be exca- 
vated and developed as a great archaeological park, under 
an administration similar to that of Pompeii, Timgad and 
other sites properly excavated and opened to the public. 

Fourth. From such a development of the site as a na- 
tional archaeological park two results would follow : : 

a. The forestalling of any criticism which might attach | 
to the French administration of Tunisia on the ground 
that it has failed to conform to French cultural tradi- 
tion in permitting a unique site of this character to 
be grasped for commercial purposes without adequate 
previous scientific examination; and 
b. A stimulation of income to Tunisia in the funds: 
brought into the country by visitors, on account of 
the added attraction ; the additional income ultimately 
would probably much more than repay all the costs. 

Fifth. If the French Government should undertake to 
carry out such a plan as that proposed, and should offer 
proper encouragement, it is highly probable that scientific: 
organizations would be pleased to codperate by undertaking 
special excavations of limited scope, such, for example, as 
that which has been shown to be fruitful by the discoveries 
in the area consecrated to Tanit. 









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IV. THE EXCAVATION ON THE HILL OF JUNO 


With funds contributed by a member of the Washington 
Archaeological Society, Count de Prorok, in 1922, purchased 
for excavation a small area on the east slope of the so-called 
hill of Juno, which is itself an extension of the height of 
Byrsa toward the northeast. Here a portion of a Roman 
villa was excavated, and five mosaics were uncovered. In 
the spring of 1923 one of the mosaics, representing a boar- 
hunt, was taken up and transferred to the Bardo Museum. 

The main structure of the villa was carried on huge 
vaults, two of which are shown in our illustration (Plate V). 
In another vault a small museum was installed for the stor- 
age of the numerous lamps and other minor objects found 
in the digging. The work was continued in the spring of 
1924; and in the present year our staff completed the 
removal of certain accumulations of earth above and under 
the large vaults. 

It has not yet been possible to prepare for publication 
the interesting finds of this villa. Though they are of 
considerable value, it is doubtful whether the continuation 
of this excavation by private support would be justified 
from a scientific point of view. The available area is not 
large enough to yield complete information regarding the 
villa, and it is not practicable to secure adjoining land to 
carry the excavation to a suitable conclusion. Provision 
also must soon be made for the protection of the mosaics 
left in situ, which are exposed to the weather and are 
beginning to show signs of disintegration, and for strength- 
ening the vaults where these are beginning to give way. 

27 


28 EXCAVATIONS AT CARTHAGE 


Though private initiative and resources may bring im- 
portant remains of antiquity to light, their permanent care 
and conservation becomes the responsibility of the govern- 
ments under whose permits the excavations have been 
made. It will probably be best to arrange to turn this 
excavation over to the Tunisian Government without 
further expenditures for digging. 


PLAN* OF THE EXCAVATION IN THE 
PRECINCT OF  TANITD 


29 


39 


EXCAVATIONS AT CARTHAGE 








i} 
>> 
“Bed Hoc Pp Cer 
J Mit o> Le 
Noes Stele Area aK 
Kip 


SCALE IN METERS 
0 5 10 16 





Storage 


Rooms 


Fic. 13.— PLAN OF THE EXCAVATION IN THE PRECINCT OF TANIT. 


THE EXCAVATION IN THE PRECINCT OF TANIT 31 


KEY TO THE PLAN 


The extension below at the right, with the outline of a building marked ‘“ Storage 
Rooms,” is a separate lot, on which is a small villa. It was purchased in 1925 to furnish 
storage for the urns and other objects which were brought to light in the excavation. 

The original lot, purchased by Count de Prorok, extends between two streets that are 
not parallel, and measures approximately sixty-three meters in its greatest length, or 
fifty-three meters between the two gates. The gate at the northwest end (shown on 
Plate VI) is closed; the gate at the east end gives access to the excavation. 


A. Part of the precinct excavated to the stele surface, that is, to the surface of the earth in which 
the dedicatory stones are set (Fig. 9). This is in the Second or Intermediate Level of the 
Punic Stratum (p. 34). 

B. Small excavation below the stele surface to the bed rock, which is of limestone (Fig. 2). 

‘C. Foundation of a temple constructed in the Roman period. This is assumed to have been a 
temple of Saturn (p. 33). 

D. Portions of a rough cement floor. 

E. Trial excavation in the unexcavated part of the area, which disclosed late walls but no traces 

of dedicatory stones or urns. This spot is outside the limit of consecrated ground. 

F. Trial trench, fixing the limit of the consecrated area on this side; no trace of urns or dedicatory 
stones in place was found at the lower end. 

. Old trial pit, partly filled up. 

. Trial pit of 1925 which penetrated the roof of a vault. Apparently this vault is parallel to the 
other and formed part of the foundation of the same building. In this pit under the vault 
dedicatory stones were found at the same level as elsewhere, indicating that the limit of the 
consecrated area has not been reached on this side. 

a. Modern doorway, broken into the side of the Roman vault for convenience of access. 

b. Grave, perhaps of the Vandal period, about two meters below the surface of the ground. 

c. Grave, perhaps of the Vandal period, about a meter and a half below the surface of the ground 

(Fig. 8). 


mo 





Venti EXCAVATION IN THE  PRECINGY 
OF TANIT 


The area, or precinct, of Tanit lies near the shore, a short 
distance west of the so-called Commercial Harbor (Fig. 10). 
In December, 1921, limestone stelae with symbols asso- 
ciated with the cult of Tanit began to be brought to Tunis, 
and one of them came into the hands of a public official, 
M. Gielly, who was interested in antiquities. It was 
reported that they were dug up at La Marsa, north of Car- 
thage, but the Arab who brought them was followed, and 
the place of discovery became known. This official and 
M. Icard, the chief of police in Tunis, purchased the prop- 
erty where the stelae were found, and in 1922 a trial excava- 
tion was made with funds provided by the Service des Anti- 
quités.1 In 1923 Count de Prorok assisted in the work ; 
he finally purchased the property and invited the Abbé 
Chabot to come from Paris and join him for further explo- 
ration, in the spring of 1924. Besides Punic remains the 
trial excavation had brought to light the foundations of a 
Roman temple, probably of Saturn’ (Fig. 13, C). The 
earlier excavation was more completely cleared in 1924, and 
in that year fresh ground of about thirty-two square meters 
in extent was excavated to a depth of five meters. The 
results were so striking that further excavation in the area 
1 Francois Icard, Découverte de l’area du sanctuaire de Tanit 4 Carthage, in the 
Revue Tunisienne, 1922, pp. 195-205; C. Saumagne, Notes sur les Découvertes de 
Salammbo, Revue Tunisienne, 1922, p. 231 ff.; R. Anthony, Jbid., 1923, pp. 174-175. 
2 For the identification of Saturn with Baal-Hammon, cf. Audollent, Carthage 
Romaine, p. 395 ff.; also, S. Gsell, Op. cit., IV?, p. 287 ff., and the literature there 
cited. 
33 


34 EXCAVATIONS AT CARTHAGE 


was decided on as a prime objective of the work of the 
Franco-American staff in 1925. 

The plot of ground originally purchased for this exca- 
vation by Count de Prorok is irregular in shape. It lies 
between two streets which are not parallel, and the greatest 
length is about sixty-three meters, while the width varies 
from fifteen to twenty-eight meters (Fig. 13). The extension 
shown on the plan (below, at the right) is an addition to the 
original purchase, which contains a well-built small house. 
This was secured by the Franco-American staff early in 1925 
to provide storage for the season’s finds, and to furnish a 
home for the guard; for it is necessary to police the area in 
order to prevent the theft of stelae and other stones left 
in place. 

The present depth of the stelae surface, that is, the sur- 
face of the earth in which the stelae were set, varies, but 
here averages about four meters; this is a part of the second 
level of the Punic stratum (p. 45). Below that our ex- 
cavation at one place at the rear, marked B on the Plan, 
went down about a meter, after the water was pumped out, 
to the bed rock, which here is of limestone (Fig. 2). 

Along the north side of the area in the Roman period a 
great vault was constructed, which has a width of about 
three meters on the inside (Fig. 13). It is apparently the 
first of a series of parallel vaults which extend under the 
adjoining property on the north side and were designed to 
form a foundation for an extensive building. This vault 
was closed by masonry at the northwest end, and similar 
masonry extends to the left along the northwest end of the 
excavated area, under fhe modern wall with the gate shown 
in Plate VI; this wall is on the boundary line between the ex- 
cavation in the precinct of Tanit and the street on that side. 

Some of the earth which filled the vault had been taken 
out before 1925, at the northeast end, where the vault runs 


THE EXCAVATION IN THE PRECINCT OF TANIT 35 


under the adjoining property. It was found that, when 
the vault was constructed, between the walls dedicatory 
stones already covered with earth remained in place, at a 
level corresponding with the stele surface outside. In 1925 
the stele surface in the vault at the northeast end was ex- 
plored downwards into the water level, and underneath the 





Fic. 14. — DEDICATORY STONES IN PLACE, UNDER THE ROMAN VAULT. 


View as one stands near the middle of the vault, and looks toward the northwest end. 
The terrace of earth is at the right. 

Of shrine-stones the one at the left in the foreground resembles that shown in Fig. rg. 
In two others the portal (p. 40) is plainly represented. Stelae of both types are easily 
distinguished (p. 36). 
places where stelae had stood cinerary urns were found, 
showing that the area excavated outside had extended still 
further in that direction. 

In the other part of the vault, in 1925 the earth was 
excavated to the stele surface, except for a narrow terrace 
along the north side to show the quality and condition of 
the earth removed. A hole which had been broken into the 
south edge of the roof of the vault was now covered with 


a window, and as the dedicatory stones were left in place, 


36 EXCAVATIONS AT CARTHAGE 


a permanent exhibit was thus installed ; for the walls and 
roof of the vault protect the dedicatory stones against rain 
(Fig. 14). 

In the part of the vault examined I did not notice any 
impressions of boards on the under surface of the concrete, 

RR though this had not yet all 
IRA Gy ern aoe ;-and no tiles 
were visible. The section 
drawings reveal striking 
irregularities (Fig. 15). It 
is probable that the vault 
was made by first laying 
off the lines of the two 
trenches dug for the foun- 
dations, and by then heap- 
ing up the earth from the 
trenches between them and 

. ; rounding the bank to the 
A. Section of vault at entrance (Fig. 13, a). ‘ 

B. Section of vault six meters southwest of Curve desired; that after- 

aa ward the earth was then 
tamped down, and that the concrete walls and vault roof 
were inexpensively and quickly formed on it without the 
use of the supporting temporary construction which is re- 
quired when vaults are to be left open for use. Further 
study both of this and of the adjoining vault is needed be- 
fore conclusions can be safely formed regarding either the 
construction or the age. 

The finds are of two kinds, dedicatory stones and cinerary 
urns. ‘The dedicatory stones are set in the earth like the 
tombstones of a modern cemetery, but are very close to- 
gether and of moderate height (Fig. 6, 9). They are charac- 
teristic of the second Punic level, and are of three types. 

First, there are the stelae, of hard limestone generally 
cut in narrow slabs, with tops narrowed to an edge like a 












Fic. 15.— SECTIONS OF THE ROMAN VAULT. 


Tail tee JS rs. 
rr Le we _ — q . 


ee ee a ee a oe. eS ee 


—_— 


THE EXCAVATION IN THE PRECINCT OF TANIT a7 


gable. A number of these 
bore incised dedicatory in- 


scriptions, with symbols of 


Tanit. A typical inscrip- 
tion is that shown in our 
illustration (Fig. 16), which 
is translated thus : } 

“To our Lady, to Tanit 
Face of Baal, and to the 
Lord, to Baal-Hammon ; 
that which was vowed by 


_Eshmunhalas, son of Yitten- 


Melekh, son of Baal-Amas, 
son of Melekh-Yitten, son 
of Hami, son of Baal-Hanna, 
[because] they heard his 
voice [and] they blessed 
ineban bead 

The names, like many 
names of the Old Testa- 
ment, are significant. Esh- 
munhalas means “‘Eshmun”’ 
(that is, the god Eshmun) 
“hath delivered”; Yitten- 
Melekh, “Moloch giveth” ; 


1 Translation by Professor William 
H. Worrell. For the verb-forms see 
Paul Schréder, Die Phénizische Sprache 
(Halle, 1869), pp. 97,193. The dedi- 
catory inscriptions to Tanit and Baal- 
Hammon are collected in the Corpus 
Inscriptionum Semiticarum, Pars 
Prima, vol. I, no. 180 ff., and vol. II. 
Cf. also J.-B. Chabot, Trois Inscrip- 
tions Carthaginoises a imprécations, 
in Le Muséon, vol. XXXVII (1924), 


pp. 153-161. 





Fic. 16.—STELE wiTH Punic INSCRIPTION 
AND SYMBOLS OF TANIT. 


Above the inscription is a support, on which 
apparently a kind of bottle or flask is repre- 
sented. | 

At the top is the crescent; the disk is orna- 
mented with a rosette. © | 


38 EXCAVATIONS AT CARTHAGE 


and Baal-Amas, “Baal carrieth.” Of greatest interest to 
the historical student is the name Baal-Hanna, “Baal is 
favorable,’ which contains the same elements as the name 
Hannibal, in inverse order.! 
The care with which lineage 
is traced, In some cases ex- 
tending back even eight or 
nine generations, indicates 
that the stelae were set up 
by representatives of the 
aristocratic families of Car- 
thage. 

In this, as generally in 
the joint dedications found 
at Carthage, it is note- 
worthy that the name of 
the female divinity comes 
before that of Baal; but 
what the characterization 
‘Face of Baal”’ signifies is 
far from certain. If Tanit 
was conceived as goddess 
of the Moon and Baal- 
Hammon god of the Sun, 
the explanation is obvious ; 
but that is by no means 
Fic. 17. — STELE IN THE Form OF A SQUARE selenite OLS: sales 

PILLAR. stelae, now without letter- 





‘The name Hannibal in the form transliterated as Hannibaal is found in 
Carthaginian inscriptions, as, e.g., C. I. S., I., no. 171. 

? The literature is summarized by S. Gsell, Op. cit., vol. IV2, p. 244 ff., with 
footnotes. An entirely different conception lies at the basis of the explanation 
presented by C. H. Toy, Introduction to the History of Religions, edition of 1924, 
p. 170 ff.; for an earlier statement cf. W. Robertson Smith, Lectures on the Religion 
of the Semites, First Series, new edition (1894), p. 478. 


THE EXCAVATION IN THE PRECINCT OF TANIT 39 


ing, undoubtedly once bore inscriptions painted on the 
surface of the stones, or on stucco. One point is certain ; 
the dominant divinity of Carthage was a goddess.! 

With these stelae are classed also small rectangular pillars, 
some of which are carefully set in bases. These were prob- 
ably covered with stucco, and inscribed (Fig. 17). 

The second type is represented by few examples, but is 
not inferior in human interest. These stones are boulders, 
or large pebbles, oblong, with 
rounded corners and edges 
(Fig. 18). Among the visi- 
tors who came to our exca- 
vations was a French priest, 
Joseph Guyot, of the neigh- 
boring village of Le Kram. 
He was once a missionary 
on the Island of Mauritius, 
and he called these boulders 
“sacred stones,” pierres sa- 
crées. He gave an explana- 
tion which, at my request, 
he afterward wrote out in a 


letter. From this letter J] Fic. 18.—Boutper Usep as DepicaTory 
STONE. 





translate : 

“In 1889 on the Island of Mauritius, in the district of 
Moka, sorcerers cut the throat of a little girl on a large 
pebble. A few years afterward, in the district of Flay, a 
woman was sacrificed in the same manner. It may be that 
on the island there still exist, in the open country, altars 
(generally placed under trees), on which are found the same 
stones of sacrifice, ordinarily large pebbles. And stones of 


1 The dominance of Tanit is doubted, without sufficient reason, by G. A. Cooke ; 
see his Text-book of North Semitic Inscriptions (Oxford, 1903), p. 132. For the rare 
dedications to Tanit alone see J.-B. Chabot, Comptes rendus de Acad. des Inscript. 
et Belles-Lettres, 1922, pp. 112-114. 


4o EXCAVATIONS AT CARTHAGE 


this shape were no doubt selected for such use because they 
raised the neck of the victim and furnished the support 
necessary to facilitate the cutting of the throat. I have 
myself seen more than twenty altars of this kind, each with 
its rounded stone, some larger, some smaller. The natives 
ordinarily sacrifice sheep or lambs on them.” 

Are the small boulders which infrequently take the place 
of carved stelae in the precinct of Tanit a survival of primi- 
tive religious conservatism, or are they the result of accident ? 
Father Guyot advised that we carefully examine the surface 
to see whether there were scratches or other marks attesting 
the effect of a sharp implement, or ingrained stains of blood 
such as characterize the sacrificial stones on the altars in 
Mauritius; but no one yet has had the time to make such a 
study. : 

The third type of stones is far the most numerous, and is 
represented by more than three hundred examples (Fig. 9). 
For lack of a better term we may call them shrine-stones, 
because the shape in general suggests that of a shrine or 
altar, though there is no evidence that sacrifices of any 
kind were offered on them.! They are of coarse limestone 
and in many cases, at least, were originally covered with 
hard white stucco. It is not difficult to recognize in the 
carvings the suggestion of a shrine, often with steps leading 
upward (Fig. 19; cf. also Fig. 14). Sometimes receding 
moldings on the front seem to draw the gaze into a deep 
portal, through which we see a symbol of the goddess, or 
even a figure in human form; but whether this figure repre- 
sents the divinity or a worshipper, in most cases it is not 
possible to say. ? 

The symbols of Tanit carved on the dedicatory stones 


1 A report on the shrine-stones, stelae and urns first discovered was published 
by L. Poinssot and R. Lantier, with drawings to illustrate typical forms, in the 
Revue de l’ Histoire des Religions, 1923, pp. 32-68. 


THE EXCAVATION IN THE PRECINCT OF TANIT AI 


are too numerous and too diverse to be described except in 
the final publication. Often they simulate a broad bottle, or 


flask* (Fig. 16), 
or a vase is repre- 
sented (Fig. 24). 
Sometimes there 
is a lozenge- 
shaped figure, 
perhaps repre- 
senting a stone 
that had become 
an object of wor- 
ship (Fig. 20), or 
a rude pillar.” 


1 A remote but strik- 
ing parallel is the water- 
bottle carved on Batak 
grave-posts. ‘‘The 
apex,” says Professor 
Bartlett, ‘‘if the grave 
be that of a man, rep- 
Tesents a common 
gourd or earthen water- 
jar with constricted 
neck.” H. H. Bartlett, 
The Symbolic Grave-Post 
(Anisan) of the Batak of 
Asahan, in Papers of the 
Michigan Academy of 
Science, Arts and Letters, 
vol. I (1923), p. 4, and 
plates i ff. 

* Cf. James Hastings, 
Encyclopaedia of Re- 
ligion and Ethics, Vol. 
2, pp. 287-288; refer- 
ences on the cult of Baal 
in Phoenicia and the 
Phoenician colonies are 
given on page 208. Cf. 
also, for the literature, 





Fic. 19. — SHRINE-SHAPED DEDICATORY STONE. 


In the precinct of Tanit there is a considerable number of 
stones of this type, but no two are precisely alike. 

The reason for the shape is not obvious. Does it perhaps 
symbolize a mountain with worship of some object on one of 
the “high places,” such as are mentioned in the Old Testa- 
ment ? 


42 EXCAVATIONS AT CARTHAGE 


Sometimes the sacred objects are on a support or table 
(Fig. 24). The crescent, which is generally interpreted as 
a symbol of a moon- 
goddess, is often 
accompanied by a 
smaller disk (Fig. 
12). Often the sym- 
bol of Tanit is a 
triangle with a line 
over the apex, or an 
adaptation of the 
human figure (Fig- 
ures 12, 24); and 
these and other sym- 
bols are found in 
combinations. 
Groups of dedica- 
tory stones as they 
stood when un- 
earthed appear in 
our illustrations 
(Figures 6,9). Some 
are seen under the 
great Roman vault ; 
for, as already ex- 
plained, the builders 
of the vault left un- 
Fic. 20.— SHRINE-STONE WITH SYMBOLS OF TANIT. disturbed the earth 
Though a portal lenge shaped figure is seen volte which covered them, 
and now the removal 
of the earth makes a kind of Punic museum, which is pro- 
tected from the elements by the roof of the vault. The 





the articles Baztylia, Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclopddie, Vol. II, and Baetylia, 
Daremberg-Saglio, Dictionnaire des Antiquités, Vol. I. 


THE EXCAVATION IN THE PRECINCT OF TANIT 43 


vista as one looks through the vault toward the light at 
the northwest end over the densely crowded dedicatory 
stones gives the impression of something weird (Fig. 14) ; 
it seems full of mystery, — as in truth it is. 

The cinerary urns were deposited at different levels. How 
many successive levels were filled in with earth is not yet 
certain, but in the part ex- 
cavated in 1925 there were 
three levels. The lowest urns 
were found in the shallow de- 
pressions of the bed rock, or 
just above the rock, where 
water now stands except 
when pumped out. Never- 
theless, with skill in handling, 
a number of these urns were 
taken out with the surface 
and contents intact (Fig. 3). 
The height is eighteen to 





A : Fic. 21.— CAIRN OF STONES ABOUT A 
thirty centimeters, and Cicer 


about each urn a small cairn Underneath is the bed rock, in the lowest 


Punic level. 


of rough stones was carefully 
piled (Fig. 21), the stones varying in bulk from the size of 
an egg to that of a double fist, or even somewhat larger. 
In the area which was excavated to bed rock, about 
40 square meters in extent, 31 of these urns were found; 
they stood about a meter apart. 

In the light of evidence collected by Mr. Harden the 
urns of the lowest level may be dated, provisionally, 
in the ninth or eighth century s.c. If this dating is 
confirmed by future studies, we may find ourselves 
on a spot set aside as holy ground at the very found- 
ing of Carthage. In a paper read at the meeting of 
the British Association at Southampton in August, 1925 


44 EXCAVATIONS AT CARTHAGE 


(not yet published), Mr. Harden describes these urns as | 


follows: 


“They are of various shapes, but the predominant type — 


is the amphora with ovoid body and outsplayed neck. ‘The 
clay is of a deep red color. The amphorae, and also the urns 


eases | 





Fic. 22. — CiINERARY URN AS FOUND. 


This graceful urn represents the type found in the lowest 
Punic level, resting on the bed rock. 

It was surrounded by a small cairn of stones, part of which 
have been removed in order to photograph the urn in position. 
The cover of the urn is still in place. 


without handles, 


are usually] 


painted with red 
over part, if not 
all, of their sur- 
face. The am- 
phorae in addi- 


tion often have 


triglyph and 
metope designs on 
their shoulders, 


painted in black 


on a ground of 


red.”” Speaking 
of an amphora in — 
situ, he adds:} 


“The marvel is 


that with so many loose stones hemming it in all around, 


and standing up to its neck in water, this urn, and many 


like it, were able to be extracted whole from their resting- 
place (Fig. 22). The water had of course done considerable — 
harm to the red paint, but the clay itself was undamaged.”’ 

It is to be presumed that originally the urns were not 
deposited in mud, or in water. When this began to collect | 
around them, and how long they have been under the level. 
of the ground-water seeping through just above sea-level — 
whether, again, water has stood around them throughout 


the long dry summers — are questions upon which no light — 


has yet been thrown. Nor has it yet been possible to 


j 


| 


: 


THE EXCAVATION IN THE PRECINCT OF TANIT 45 


determine, by chemical analysis, whether the black earth 
around them is ordinary humus. This layer averages 
about half a meter in thickness. | 

Above the black earth of the first level is a layer of 
yellow clay, about seven centimeters thick. In the clay 
there were several spots which contained traces of charcoal. 
This could have had no relation with the layer of charcoal 
already referred to (p. 17), at a higher level; on the other 
hand, there was nothing to suggest an ustrinum. 
Immediately above the layer of yellow clay the second 

level commences. This averages in depth from one and 
a half to two meters. The earth is of a less compact tex- 
ture, and is of a greyish or brownish tone. In the second 
level no cairns were found; instead, the urns were placed 
close together in the ground, generally in groups of three 
or four, and over each group a dedicatory stone was set up. 
The dedicatory stones must have remained for a consider: 
able period exposed to view, and at one time the undis- 
turbed sections of the precinct presented much the same 
appearance as today, except that many stones now show 
rough surfaces which once were covered with stucco, or 
painted, and bore inscriptions. Relatively there were more 
than four times as many urns in this level as underneath, 
and about twice as many as in the upper or third level. 

_ When the third level was laid down it is not possible 
to determine with any degree of accuracy. It may suffice 
to say that probably at the end of the fourth century B.c., 
or somewhat later, the part of the stele area excavated in 
1925 was filled with earth, about a meter in depth, so as to 
cover the tops of the shrine-stones and stelae; and then 
-urns were buried in the earth among the tops of the dedi- 
catory stones. 

The evidence lies in the character of the sherds. In the 
‘first and second levels the few sherds found are of early 








46 EXCAVATIONS AT CARTHAGE 


date; in the third level Mr. Harden, who was studying 
the strata during excavation from this point of view, re- 
ported the finding of fragments of black Campanian ware, 
‘of Hellenistic lamps, and of the latest types of Punic ware. 
This level, then, was used for the deposit of cinerary urns 
in the periodim- 
mediately pre- 
ceding 146 B.C. 
He found no 
sherds suggest- 
ing an origin 
earlier than 300 
BG 

The urns of 
the upper and 
middle level are 
of many differ- 
ent types, but 
in most cases 
they are two- 
handled (Fig. 
23). Generally 
they are un- 





Fic. 


23. — CINERARY URN, INTERMEDIATE Punic LEVEL OF 


THE PRECINCT OF TANIT. 


The urn is of a buff color. It has a simple decoration of six 
incised lines about the body at the level of the handles. 

The contents have not been analyzed. Such urns previously 
examined in most cases were found to contain the charred bones 
of young children; in other cases, similar remains of kids and 
lambs. 


upper level are smaller than those of the 
level, and of slight artistic value. 


decorated, and 
clay of a light 
buff color was 
ordinarily used. 
The urns of the 
middle or lower 


It seems, at first thought, strange that the priests of Tanit 
and Baal-Hammon should have covered with earth the noble 
array of monuments which evidenced the devotion of ear-- 


her worshippers. 


There may have been religious reasons ; 


THE EXCAVATION IN THE PRECINCT OF TANIT 47 


but it is also possible that the decadence evidenced thus, 
and in the urns themselves, reflected the impoverishment 
and distress of the Punic wars. 

The total number of urns taken out in 1925 and now 
stored in the small house purchased for the purpose is about 
eleven hundred. It will probably be two years before a 
final report on the contents can be made, and before more 
definite conclusions can be formulated regarding the periods 
and dates. The laboratory examination of the contents 
is a process alike difficult and time-consuming. If we take 
into account the results of the examination of thirty-six of 
the urns unearthed in 1925 that have already been super- 
ficially studied, together with the reports upon the contents 
of the urns previously taken from the precinct of Tanit, 
we may believe that the majority will be found to contain 


the charred bones of young children, in many instances — 


particularly in the case of urns of the lowest level — accom- 
panied by objects associated with childhood, such as small 
rings, bracelets, earrings, beads and amulets. Of metals, 
gold, silver, bronze and iron are represented. Many urns 
contain a minute bit of gold leaf. The Egyptian influence 
manifest in many of these objects will be of value in working 
out the chronological sequence. Charred bones of lambs 
and kids are also found; and with other remains now and 


then the bones of one or two small birds. 


After the charred bones and small objects had been de- 
posited in the urn, in many cases, at any rate, earth was 
filled in above. The mouth of the urn was closed with a 


stopper of clay. Over the stopper a lid was placed. This 
was sometimes a flat disk of baked clay, made for the 
purpose (Fig. 23). In other cases pieces of pottery of 


J 
| 
4 


various kinds were used in place of a lid, such as small 
saucers, and bowls and ointment Jars. 
Does this deposit of charred bones of young children 


48 EXCAVATIONS AT CARTHAGE 


under dedicatory stones along with those of kids and lambs 
and little birds imply that these were all victims, offered 
by burning alive to Tanit, or to Tanit and Baal-Hammon? 
There is, to be sure, no lack of literary evidence that the 
Carthaginians “passed”’ children “through the fire” to 
their gods, and that the practice persisted in North Africa 
even after the Roman conquest.’ One writer, M. P. Pal- 
lary,’ finds in the precinct of Tanit not only full confirma- 
tion of this horrible practice among the Carthaginians, but 
also evidence which sheds new light upon references to 
the consecration of first-born males among other Semitic 
peoples, such, for example, as the familiar references in 
Exodus, chapter xii, and Numbers, chapters viii and xviii; 
and he explains the presence of the remains of small birds 
by the words in the Gospel of Luke, chapter li, verses 23 and 
24. Furthermore he interprets as a survival from an early 
Semitic ritual of sacrifice a custom still in vogue among the 
Jews in North Africa. When the first male child is born 
in a Jewish home, he says, a member of the Cohen family, 


1S. Gsell, Op. cit., IV?, p. 405 ff. and literature there cited. 

2 Revue Tunisienne, 1922, pp. 206-211. See also II Kings, iii. 26-27, for the 
sacrifice of a first-born son as a burnt-offering. The sacrifice of Isaac, of which 
the consummation was prevented by divine interposition, finds a parallel in the 
sacrifice of Iphigenia. For the persistence of human sacrifices among civilized 
peoples north of the Mediterranean cf., e.g., J. S. Reid, Human Sacrifices at Rome, 
in the Journal of Roman Studies, vol. II (1912), p. 34 fi. 

It does not fall within the scope of this report to make further reference to the 
extensive literature of human sacrifices, whether of infants or of adults, among 
primitive peoples generally, or among the more advanced Semitic stocks. Sporadic 
instances are still reported ; for example, in November, 1925, American newspapers 
published the following despatch, sent out by the Associated Press : 

‘‘Pueblo, Colorado, Nov. 8. The love of a Ute Indian for his bride, which 
caused him to bury his 17-day old baby alive in the grave of its mother, believing 
it would bring her back to life, will bring Platt Nae face to face with the white 
man’s law here to-morrow in a federal court trial for murder. 

““ Nae, who has been held in jail here since last February, will invoke the law 
of the medicine man for his defense. He contends that he buried the child on the 
advice of his father-in-law, Mormon Joe, medicine man of the Utes, who is also 
held as an accessory.” 


‘sqzed J9MO] 94} JNOGe Woy paAouras AT[NJorVd AIDA Zutaq St YIIVA oy} puv ‘poreapd Useq aAvY SeU0}s AIO}COIpep Jo sdo} oy, 


‘SzO1 ‘% Trady ‘LINV], JO LONIO“UG AHL NI SSHADOUg NI NOILVAVOXY :AOVHLAVD “JA ALVId 














So 





als iD 
ee 

mt 

#, < a 
* 

— 
. “y 

p ¢ 











7 ‘? * 
hb 
~ ’ 4 
Y - 
« - 
Lal & ’ 
: WAR = r 
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ena? ? ’ 
. , ‘ 
‘ r 
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fa i 
i i 
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; 
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‘ r ’ 
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F Be . ee 
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4 i t R , Pe fiers aN 
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i ry * Pi 4 nN « 
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: pie at Sy ee as 





Aare ae aur » we. at , ta A, oo. a > Pe Cie 
, a eae a le Ce ee a te a, 
: nA 6. tae?) a * “A ) aos AG <4 
y 4 F > oa 7 we en ae Cr TP Leer’ we 
Ain FOE Sah Ne, ee emaay 


THE EXCAVATION IN THE PRECINCT OF TANIT 49 


which formerly conducted the sacrifices, presents himself 
at the home of the parent and demands the babe as belong- 
ing to him. The mother acknowledges the absolute right 
of the Cohen, and offers to ransom the child; the ransom is 
arranged by means of gifts.' 

But the time is not ripe for generalization upon the 
significance of these discoveries. Not only the laboratory 
examination of the urns but further excavations are required. 
It is not impossible that rigid investigation of the condition 
of the bones that are only partially burned may settle the 
question whether the bodies of young children were com- 
mitted to the flames before or after death. Meanwhile, it 
should be noted that there is no trace whatever of crema- 
tion in the part of the precinct thus far excavated. 

The limits of the precinct of Tanit are known at only two 
points, on the northeast and south sides (Fig. 13), and the 
extent is yet undetermined. ‘There is the possibility that 
future excavation may disclose a much larger area than is 
now known and increase the number of urns by many 
thousands. In our explanation we should resort to the 
hypothesis of sacrifice of living infants only in case the 
facts of discovery warrant it; the burden of proof in this 
instance rests on the affirmative. 


1Tn response to a request for information in regard to a similar custom among 
Jews outside of North Africa Professor Harry Caplan of Cornell University 
kindly sends me the following note: 

“You will find the Redemption of the First-born Son discussed and interpreted 
in the Jewish Encyclopedia, vol. X, article ‘Primogeniture.’ The origin of the 
institution is connected with the slaying of the first-born of Egypt. 

“To that account I should add that it is still the custom of Orthodox Jews, 
even in America, to perform the ceremony of Redemption (the Pidyon Ha-Ben), 
with festivities and appropriate prayers. On the thirty-first day after birth, in 
token of dedication to Jehovah, the child is presented to the priest (Cohen), and 
is then returned to his father in exchange for five pieces of silver. The Cohen 
usually donates the money to charity. Silver coins of various amounts are used as 
equivalents of the five shekels prescribed in the Bible. I remember that in the 
case of a poor family a child was redeemed for a number of spoons, forks, and 
other articles of tableware, which were afterwards returned to his parents.” 


50 EXCAVATIONS AT CARTHAGE 


But who was this potent goddess Tanit, that in the joint 
dedications has precedence over the god Baal-Hammon? In 
this matter, Semitic scholars 
inform us, no help is derived 
from the study of possible 
Phoenician prototypes. 
Tanit is distinctively Car- 
thaginian, and may repre- 
sent a primitive Libyan 
divinity, whose cult, blended 
with Phoenician elements, 
was taken over by the Phoe- 
nician colony... And we 
should heed the suggestion 
of Franz Cumont, who re- 
minds us that the gods of 
Semitic peoples are less 
definitely characterized and 
less clearly visualized than 
the divinities of Greek cults.’ 


1A summary of a current theory of 
the Libyan origin of the worship of 
Tanit is given by C. F. and L. Grant, 
African Shores of the Mediterranean 





Fic. 24. — STELE WITH SYMBOLS OF TANIT. 


Above, the crescent with the disk; then, a 


symbol of a human figure. (1912), po 20.E : . 
Below is a table, on which a vase is Throughout Egyptian history, my 


standing. colleague Professor Worrell informs 
me, the great goddess of the Libyans 
bore the name which in its unvocalized form is transliterated N T; this is commonly 
vocalized and written as Neit. ‘‘With the common Hamitic feminine prefix T this 
would be the exact equivalent of the name of the great goddess of Carthage, which 
in its unvocalized form is written in the Punic language with consonants corre- 
sponding to TN T. The vowels of the name were short, but whether they are 
correctly given in the form Tanit is by no means sure. The transliteration of the 
third consonant of T N T as ¢h (in Tanith) is a Hebraism which, so far as known, 
has no place in Phoenician.” 
2 Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclopadie, vol. III., p. 1249: ‘‘ Die semitischen Gott- 
heiten haben nicht wie die griechischen eine scharf ausgepragte Individualitat. 
Thr Character ist vielfaltiger und unbestimmter. Je nachdem man die eine oder 


THE EXCAVATION IN THE PRECINCT OF TANIT 51 


We need not be surprised therefore to learn that Tanit 
has been identified with several different divinities of other 
peoples. . 

One identification, however, seems well established. By 
the Romans the dominant Carthaginian goddess was iden- 
tified with Juno, first under the name Juno, as in the Aeneid, 
later under the name Caelestis! as queen of heaven. Shall 
we ever know what local reference Virgil had in mind when 
he referred to the chariot of Juno at Carthage, hic currus 
fuit? But to appreciate the onward movement of his 
poem it is necessary only to recall that the poet, in picturing 
Carthage as the home of the only true heroine of Augustan 
literature, conceived the affection of Juno for Dido’s city as 
surpassing her regard for all other places: 


Urbs 
Quam Iuno fertur terris magis omnibus unam 
Posthabita coluisse Samo. 


andere ihrer Eigenschaften hervorheben wollte, hat man sie verschiedenen abend- 
landischen Gottern gleichgestellt, aber véllig entsprechen sie keinem.”’ 

1The references are given by A. Audollent, Carthage Romaine, p. 371 ff.; 
5. Gesell, Op. cat 1V?, p. 258 ff. 





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